Saturday, April 25, 2015

Mahendra Lal Dutt

As the Calcutta Confusion faithful will know, I had found myself in Trieste in June 2013 to attend a James Joyce summer-school. On one particular occasion, when I'd gone off for a casual stroll around late evening (I think), I realised that I had been caught in a dreadfully strong wind. The previous day someone at the school had mentioned the Bora (same root word as the Borea) and I had recalled Marlowe's lines, "Stand staggering like a quivering aspen-leaf/ Fearing the force of Boreas' boisterous blasts!" (Tamburlaine the Great, II.iv). Ah Marlowe. Umbrellas (for there was a light but sharp drizzle accompanying the wind) were being upturned left, right and centre. Many of those umbrellas had been built to suit that particular clime. Only my umbrella was unyielding, and as the Mahendra Lal Dutt tag caught my eye, I felt I could as well have been holding in my hands there some flag-like item of community pride.

Today while reading the truly remarkable adventures of Bimal Mukhopadhyay, who set out in December 1926 along with three friends to travel the world on their bicycles, I came across this passage, and the conviction of Bhabani Dutt won me over. Remember, that they are already carrying on their bicycles metal trunks attached at the back, haversacks, and some fire-arms.
We lost track of the number of things we received as gifts along the way. Bhabani Dutt, who was then the owner of Mahendralal Dutt’s umbrella company, was a dear friend of mine. He was convinced that one of his umbrellas would protect us from the terrible heat of the desert. In those days, umbrellas were a considerable weight! (Du chakae duniya, p. 10)





Monday, April 20, 2015

Joseph Emin in Calcutta (1)

“In the year 1726, Emin, the writer of these memoirs, was born at Hamadan, and in 1731 or 1733, he went with his family to Bagdad. Presently after, the Turks had evacuated Hamadan.”

At a young age, Emin followed his father Hovsep (Joseph?) to Bengal, to join the fairly significant numbers of Armenians here. He had lost his mother and a few of his siblings by the time, and it was with his grandfather, Michael, that he arrived in Calcutta. They probably arrived at Cochin by the ocean route and stayed there for five months, before making their way to Surat. In Surat, Emin found his uncle David, and from there in a matter of two months they reached Calcutta by ship. His father, Hovsep, was carrying on a slave merchandise. Soon after, his brother Moses died, losing his estate worth 5,500 tumans, amounting then to about 10,000 rupees. Hovsep sustained further losses—a couple of Armenian vessels at the bar of Madras were taken with all the money and passports and protection from the council of Calcutta by the late Admiral Griffin in the year 1746. Emin writes,
When the lawyer was making his speeches on the subject, the author unfortunately was sent by an Armenian to the court of king’s bench, the very year in which he arrived in London. At the confiscation of those vessels, he did not care so much for the insufferable loss, as when the lawyer pleading said, “How is it possible that inhabitants of Calcutta, Armenian merchants, should be possessed of so great a sum of money? They are like the Jews in Holland, who carried on a trade with the money of the enemy, when the Dutch were engaged in war. The property belonged to our enemy the French, and is justly and most lawfully taken by the admiral. The Armenians, underhand, are commissioners for them; they have not any interest in this affair.”
Apparently Emin fell sick, so disturbed he was hearing this comparison. He could not stand to have “their names disgraced by the unworthy appellation of Jews” for “it is beneath even the lowest class of his harmless countrymen, to act like that forlorn people…”

Moving on…

His father lost 30,000 rupees by those two ships, Emin reports. The author writes that his determination to travel to Europe was beginning to strengthen, and one day when his father came to ask him whether he wished to learn a language he chose English, rejecting the first two suggested: Portuguese and French. He was given six months to learn English, which apparently he did at the English school in St. Anne’s Charity School near the Old Court-house. The St. Andrew’s Church now stands on the site of the old school. He asked Mr. Parrent if law permitted him to go to England even if his father were against it, and he was told that it did, even though he would then forsake his father’s financial protection. He seems to have persuaded one Captain Williamson, telling him that he would be willing to lose the Turkish black turban and cut short the long clothes, if he were to sail. He let this opportunity pass, and had to wait a while before another one presented itself to him. He finally managed to board the India-man, Walpole, whose Sircar, upon receiving a couple of rupees arranged for Emin to meet the captain. It worked out happily for Emin and he set sail for England from the port of Balasore.

I came across his biography quite by chance, while trying to figure out the origins of the clock of the Armenian Church in Calcutta. (More on that later.) Joseph Emin (1726-1809) must surely be one of the most colourful characters to have spent a considerable part of their lives in Calcutta. You can read about his exploits on Wiki or elsewhere on the web, if, like me, you were unaware of this extraordinary man. His autobiography was published in London in 1792. It proudly states, “Written in English by himself”. In 1916, his great-granddaughter, Amy Apcar, decided to reprint the book. Her fascinating account of how she went about it may be found in the Foreword to the 1918 edition. From a serendipitous find of the Letters of Elizabeth Montagu (“Queen of the Blue Stockings”) to the help she received from Mrs Climenson and Lord Cobham with the printing of his sole (?) surviving portrait, it is a fascinating account of the reconstruction, and the annotations and notes are really commendable.

I found also of great interest the letter by one William Jones, whom Emin had given a copy of his manuscript. (Jones writes as beautifully as one would expect him to.) A few corrections are made in the MSS, as Jones says, “only these errors in language and orthography, which were unavoidable in an English work written by a native of Hamadan.” One also gets an interesting and rare insight into Jones’s ideas of governance. “A mixed government, therefore, like that of England, is the only form approaching to a state of natural society and likely to be permanent; if your design was to transplant our constitution to Armenia, I heartily lament your disappointment, though I cannot wonder at it.” Jones also provides some amusing advice on the style of writing, asking him to discard “forever the Asiatick style of panegyric, to which you are too much addicted”. “[t]he Asiatick style, whether dedicatory or epistolary, is utterly repugnant to English manners, which you prefer, I know, to those of Persia.” The letter is signed off from his Garden (Reach) near Calcutta. There is much to be said and written about the identity games that are going on between the “Grey town” settlers and the British at this time—by the end of the century, Shalom Obadiah Ha-Cohen will have arrived and started a new chapter of settlements in Calcutta. In the following posts, I hope I’ll be able to reconstruct some of the connections and networks Emin formed in Calcutta, and what he saw of the city.

Thanks, Chandrima, for reminding me of this blog! Over two months’ gap. Sigh.

Friday, February 13, 2015

Caledonia Dock

While researching for a project, I recently stumbled upon the name of “Caledonia Dock”. It’s not of extraordinary interest, but I’m still trying to figure out why exactly it was called so. One reason could be that it was located in the thick of James Mackenzie’s (Esq.) business area. One thing led to another and soon I ended up with a vague idea of Mackenzie’s early life. He was married at St. John’s Cathedral to Ann Forbes, second daughter of Captain Daniel Ross of Howrah, on 15 March 1822 (?). Soon after they had a child, little James Ross, who died a year old. It seems they had at least a couple more children by 1844 or thereabouts. More interesting than his personal life, is an advertisement I found by the Calcutta Gas Light and Waterworks Company, where he was one of the directors. Among the other office-holders was “Baboo Dwarkanauth Tagore”. The advertisement for gas-light said among other things:
“The darkness of the streets of Calcutta is particularly felt, as there is no twilight, and the inhabitants have recourse to the primitive habits of torch-light. It is proposed to introduce gas-light, not only into the public streets,—and so lessen the opportunity for crime,—but also into the dwelling houses of the inhabitants of the city, and this has been strongly seconded and approved of by that enterprising and intelligent native merchant, Baboo Dwarkanauth Tagore, at this time in Europe.” (Allen’s India Mail, 1846. p. 143)
Be that as it may, his ship-building and dockyard works seem fairly well-documented.

The Caledonian Dock was founded as a “Patent Slip” around 1810 by one Mr. Beauchamp. It was sold 39 years later to Tarak Nath Pramanik. Taraknath, the son of Gurucharan Pramanik, belonged to the first Calcutta family to enter the ship-building industry. Their shops, the Charitabidhan says, were in Burrabazar and in Chandni. Tarak Nath purchased it and “converted it into a dock in 1850 and called it the Caledonia Dock”. The area we are looking at is known as Golabari. This is largely taken from Bengal Distric Gazetteers: Howrah, by L.S.S. O’Malley and Monmohan Chakravarti, 1909. I'm curious: is the name a reference to the jute trade? And why did he use the Roman name for Scotland? Here is where the dock is.
"Traffic Intensities", E.P. Richards (1913). From the Harvard Library Map Collection.

Tuesday, February 10, 2015

The Ragged and the Rovers

Mary Carpenter, a Unitarian and a friend of Keshub Sen and Monomohun Ghose, made certain valuable contributions in the field of education, especially of female education, in Calcutta. In 1866, apparently, she started a school, which she left shortly after. She did however go on paying the rent for the building December 1867. The school was then taken over by one C.H. Dall, an American Unitarian missionary, who had arrived in Calcutta in 1855. (The Unitarian-Brahmo connection seems to have been written about in various scholarly publications.) The first mention of the school that I found was in the Report of the Second Meeting of the National Conference of Unitarian and Other Christian Churches, which said that “admission is only possible to the very poorest and most morally exposed and forsaken.” The school back then received a Government grant of Rs. 20 a month. The author also hoped that it will be able to carry on another year with a little help from friends. It did better than that, and in the 1874 Cone’s & Co.’s Calcutta Directory we find mention of “The Calcutta (Ragged or) Rover’s School. It was located “near the corner of Mirzapore street and Old Bytakhauna Bazar road”, admitting “boys and young men only of the most indigent and homeless classes.” The attendance projected is remarkably high by today’s standards, an average of 100 out of 120. There were six teachers and the instruction was in Bengali. Baboo Dwarkanath Ghottock, the Directory says, was the headmaster. Of interest to book-historians would be the fact that apart from the ordinary branches of learning, “30 pupils learn knitting and 10 (Mahomedans) are at bookbinding.” One hopes to find out more!

Monday, January 26, 2015

Soda and Ice

Some times I feel like looking back at our 19th century (or earlier) ancestors with the kind of patronising air with which the wizard-world in Harry Potter looks upon Muggles. For instance, it had never struck me till fairly recently that ice was hard to come by. It's quite obvious when you think of it like that.

As I'm sure many are aware, one of the most famous stories surrounding the supply of ice in Bengal takes as its setting the town of Chinsurah. In The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Vol. 2) published in 1833, edited by James Prinsep, there appeared an article by T.A. Wise, Esq. M.D. titled “An Experimental Inquiry into the Means employed by the Natives of Bengal for making Ice”. The paper it seems was read the previous year at the Society on 3rd October.

Wise explains that while efforts to make ice at Serampore and Calcutta have failed, Chinsurah has successfully been producing ice at a reasonable rate. Why is this? He speculates that it may be “owing to the elevation, exposure, and distance of the latter from the sea. The soil of the field in which the ice is made is a black loam upon a substratum of sand; it is more elevated than the surrounding country, is liable to partial inundations in heavy rains and is skirted on the south, east, and north by trees, and on the western and northern directions has an open plain for some extent.”

Between November and February, he reports, “the natives” prepare a ground 120 ft in length and 20 ft broad. A hollow is made, allowed to dry, and later covered by a layer or two of straw. Shallow earthen dishes (about 9 inch in diameter at the top) are filled in with “soft pure water” towards evening. Each bed consists of 4590 plates. At a temperature of 50 degree Fahrenheit they cool over night with a steady NNW wind.

Wise notes that there are three kinds of ice that form: pakka baraf, when the whole of the water is frozen; paperí, when it is thinner; and phúl baraf when it is at its thinnest; depending on when it congeals. With blunt knives these are removed and conveyed to ice-pits. In the evening, they are conveyed in “bags of coarse country cloth, to boat” which take them to Calcutta, 40 miles away. The entire essay is worth a read, not least because it is an example of Wise's characteristic sincerity regarding collection of data.

Several pages later, the same issue of the Journal announces the first arrival of ice from America! “The arrival of the Tuscany, with a cargo of ice from America, forms an epoch in the history of Calcutta worthy of commemoration, as a facetious friend remarked, in a medal of frosted silver.” They go on to say, “In the month of May last, we received a present of some ice from Dr. Wise at Hugli…as a proof that the precious luxury might be preserved by careful husbandry until the season when its coolness was most grateful:—little did we then contemplate being able to return the compliment with a solid lump of the clearest crystal ice, at the conclusion of the rains!”

In A Short History of the Bengal Club (1827-1927), H.R. Panckridge, mentions the expert culinary performance of one Thomas Payne, Steward, who is seen as a potential "formidable rival to Messrs. Gunter and Hooper". Mr. Payne, it appears was permitted to conduct his business of ice manufacturing. A notice quoted in the book offers a glimpse into the trade:
“Ice—Thomas Payne (Bengal Club House) will continue to supply Families with Ice during the Hot Season and Rains at the following rates:—
Ice for cooling wine, etc., at 8 annals per seer, creams of all kind at 1-8-0 rupee mould (coolpee).
N.B.—The ice will be delivered from a Godown next to the Club House in Mission Row at from 6 to 7 o’clock in the morning and at the same hour in the evening.
It is requested that orders for the Ice may be sent the day previous.”
This was in May 1831, a couple of years before Wise's essay appeared. But, as Panckridge notes, Payne's business must not have been able to continue for long after. While it did, one hopes he made a good profit. The ice house in Calcutta was demolished in 1882.

Frederick Fiebig, The Ice House, Calcutta. 1851. Courtesy: British Library
The other interesting snippet I wanted to include under Junk Food is from a newspaper article on the Calcutta International Exhibition that appeared in The Indian Daily News on 15 December 1883. (But before that, it's also telling that glass and various things fashioned out of it were getting attention at the Exhibition. In fact, Osler's glass furniture was compared by the reporter to Empress Catherine of Russia's Ice Palace.) The reporter writes:
Messrs. Smith Stanistreet and Co. provide for thirsty Indians, who do not affect alcohol, or who desire to reduce their amount of spirit by something that is not mere water. In other words, they manufacture soda water, gingerale, tonic water, phosphozore [not sure what that is], lemonade and many other forms of aerated waters. How pleasant these waters are, either by themselves, or in combination with alcoholic spirits, needs no laboured explanation from me. I can only say that, as a consumer of such drinks, I always feel more secure from possible impurity or weakness when I find the name of so well-known a firm as Smith Stanistreet attached to these waters. 

Tuesday, December 30, 2014

Photography Divine

From time to time one comes across a text that seems so overwhelming in its implications that it's hard to talk about it. The questions of whether or not the divine, the truly sacred is mechanically, or digitally, reproducible have been long asked and answered. I'll quote a passage from Debganer Marte Agaman (The Gods Come to Earth) by Durgacharan Roy published in the 1880s that I found absolutely fascinating. The gods are visiting the Earth and after a tour of several places in India they have arrived in Calcutta. Having seeing the most obvious tourist sights...
They proceeded to another spot, where Narayan enquired, “Varun, what house is this?”
Varun: This is called a photographical establishment. For two rupees they will shoot your photograph.
Indra: Varun! Don’t you think it’s a good idea to take a photograph or two of the way in which we are touring Earth to show back in Heaven? What do you say, Grandpa?
Brahma: What’s the harm? Will they take a photograph of the group?
Varun: Why not?
“So be it”, Brahma laughed. “Narayan! Images of your tribhanga, flute in hand, are flooding the markets. Should we take one of you too?
Narayan: The all-seeing upon his swan is not far behind. If he’s getting one, why shouldn’t I?
They entered the house and decided upon the price. A sahib came and accompanied the gods to a dark room and made them sit. Upon entering the room Grandfather said, “Varun! This darkness is scaring me. Let’s get out of here. I don’t need a photograph.” Upa said, “Sir! Let’s see what the sahib is up to.” He stood up to look, then sat down and craned his neck. The sahib came running and said, “You are much too restless! Sit still. Otherwise the image will not come out right.” The sahib went out and before long the gods were looking at their own images and laughing. Upa kept looking from the image to Narayan, and back.
Narayan: What are you looking at?
Upa: They have drawn quite accurately. Why do the bazaar artists draw Grand Uncle in that monkeylike manner?
Brahma: How did you manage to draw so beautifully in such short time?
Varun: Sir—using a machine!
(Translation mine.)
 A few points about the translation (rather about the original): any single word or phrase denoting 'photograph' is used. The Bengali has "কয়েকখানি চেহারা তুলে নিলে হয় না?" A literal translation makes no sense at all, but the general idea is "capturing a likeness of the physical form". So as to not make it clumsy, I have used 'photograph' against better judgement. When Brahma asks if they take a group-photo, I decided to leave out the hyphen because the 'group-photo' as a discrete concept has probably not emerged.  Would have sounded anachronistic? But it's reassuring to see that the divinities also yield to the seduction of the 'having-been-thereness', so to speak.

Best not to add much to this.

Monday, December 29, 2014

Pay and Use

He got on the empty elevator, sweating profusely. ‘3’. It was a weekday, but there was still a considerable crowd inside the shopping mall. Barring a few unaccustomed ladies in sarees who would visibly express their nervousness, most of Kolkata had got quite used to the escalators over the last few years. They weren’t a source of added excitement for kids any longer. Prasun remembered when he was growing up, he’d look forward to journeys by the Metro precisely because of the rare escalator rides that came with the journey. Just as soon as the elevator had started, a voice rang out of the announcement unit.
—Please pay attention. You are requested to report at the Office immediately.
This took him completely by surprise. Was he the one being addressed?
—Yes, Sir, you. We have observed your movement inside the shopping complex since morning. Please report. Immediately.

He always knew that there were eyes all over the shopping mall but he had no idea that there were people tracking his every move. He got off the lift at the third floor and rushed to the gents’ toilet located in the left wing of the complex.
...

Prasun Bhattacharjee, originally from Uluberia, has been staying for the last four and half years at a paying guest accommodation near Jadavpur. It is a neat, two-room apartment: a bedroom-cum-living room, and a kitchen. There’s a common bathroom for two or three adjacent quarters, but since one of these is perpetually empty, he had to share the toilet with a single neighbour. A wrought-iron camping bed, a few stable pieces of furniture, a gas-oven run on pirated cylinders, and a few books strewn tastefully around, form the sum total of his earthly possessions, as he sees it. There’s no point journeying back to Uluberia. Over the last few years he has visited his parents about eight times. He doesn’t feel particularly attached to the place since he settled into his part-time job. What job? He didn’t care much, so why should we?

He has a few friends with whom he’d hang around at the university close by, mostly after working hours. Behind his back they have many questions about him, but politeness kept them from asking him directly. They assemble for a few rounds of tea. The tea itself is uninspiring. To be honest, so is the conversation on most days. Over the recent past, however, things have been different and this has not escaped Prasun. On one occasion he was even been asked by one of the guards to produce an identity card. He had walked past, as if in a hurry, but felt distinctively uncomfortable. He had used a different entrance over the next few days, which meant that he had to take a bit of a detour, but it saved him the trouble of more confrontations.

Within the group, he hardly ever speaks. He doesn’t think that he has much to contribute anyway. He listens eagerly. The students and researchers he is friends with talk a great deal. He values their opinion although in most cases he doesn’t feel too affected by them. One or two of them have visited his apartment in the past. Prasun had first met a couple of the members of the group shortly after arriving in Kolkata and getting his job. He had gone to buy roti and egg-tarka from one of the three contiguous shops inside the Jadavpur CIT market. He liked the fact that these shops saved themselves trouble by not chopping the onions into salad strips and just handed one big quarter slice of an onion with each purchase. What had sparked off the initial conversation is forgotten, but it can’t be too difficult to guess at. His friends had stopped buying from those shops after a dead mouse was discovered in the tarka about a year ago. Justifiably so, Prasun thinks, but because the discovery of the mouse or anything before or since hasn’t made him seriously ill, he has persisted.

There is one peculiarity about Prasun, which his friends, even the closest ones—those who have visited him—have been unable to solve. From time to time he disappears for about an hour without warning. This caused a fair amount of confusion within the group at first. Then someone, unable to handle the suspense any longer, ended up asking him. He gestured vaguely in a westward direction. Gradually, his friends observed, a pattern emerged: more often than not he disappears almost immediately after a cup of tea. Now they barely notice, given that his presence seems to make very little difference anyway.
…

Prasun walks down towards the remains of the Bengal Lamp factory, turns left, then right, into Katju Nagar. Through Katju Nagar he goes till he reaches a small bazar that sits on a triangular plot of land at the intersection of three roads, maybe lanes: two of which, eventually lead to the shopping mall. When it’s not that urgent he pauses a brief while at the pukur ghat, where many, aged and young, assemble to exchange niceties and news. If he’s in a hurry, he ignores all that and goes straight on ahead.

It’s a relief, he sometimes thinks, that most places these days employ security guards through private agencies. The faces at the entrance to the shopping mall change from time to time, not offering much scope for familiarity. He is sure that they do see him with a degree of suspicion anyway, but he doesn’t let that bother him too much. If it’s morning, he knows he must visit the toilets in the left wing of the enormous shopping complex. Prasun knows that the ones that are located in the right wing are cleaned in the first hour, about the time he usually reaches. He enters the mall, walks straight down, turns left and enters the cubicle without making eye-contact with too many people. Normally, it isn’t very crowded in the first hour. Most people, he optimistically thinks, have jobs to which they must attend. His only rivals to the toilet seat are some of the employees who don’t have places to live close by.

There was a time when Prasun would feel obliged to pause awkwardly before a few of the shops pretending to eye something or the other, sometimes not clearly noticing what shop he was standing in front of. When he felt one too many suspicious eye glancing in his direction, he had on occasion gone so far as to enter some random shop, left his bag at the counter and walked around inside for a bit. People who visit these malls, he has seen, don’t strictly go about their business. They watch one another, or check to see if they are sufficiently seen. Over the last year, consciously or unconsciously, he has started moving around less apologetically. He feels that he doesn’t offer much by way of spectacularity. He has learnt to ignore glances. He observes the people instead—couples, young and old, families, kids laughing and quarrelling, groups of teenagers furiously snapping selfies in front of the Christmas tree or the plastic gods during the Pujas. But he doesn’t think much about all this.

The toilets too have changed over time. One day when he was already late for work, he realized upon reaching Jadavpur Thana that he had a toilet emergency. He had two options: to return to Jadavpur, to his own place, or to hold it in long enough to reach his office, still another forty-five minutes away. Seeing that he was anxious and sweating, a friendly student in the auto-rickshaw had suggested cheekily that he go relieve himself inside the toilets of the shopping mall. They have automatic flushes, he had advertised. Whether they had automatic flushes or not, Prasun didn’t care. He thought it was a life-saving idea. Nor did he have time to measure the accuracy of this statement as he rushed in to the toilet cubicle. Both cubicles in the toilet were unoccupied. He had never felt so inexplicably grateful in his life. The seats were dry, the floor was dry, it even smelt nice. It was not before a few minutes had passed that he looked around. He heard a strange tinkling music that was being played, he noticed that they had toilet paper, something he had never used before. He wasn’t even sure how it worked. This was the first time. On the way out, he had remembered to verify that student’s claim. Yes, they were automatic flushes. An eye-like opening a few feet above the urinal—probably some kind of an LED or infrared sensor at work. A couple of weeks later he had ventured again, on another similar emergency.

The visits started getting more frequent. Till the time came when Prasun had to confess to himself that he was visiting not simply in cases of emergency. He was beginning to enjoy it. He was starting to observe things and creating patterns out of the chaotic comings and goings of human beings within the shopping mall. Although he restricted his field of study almost entirely to the toilet cubicle, he was venturing this way and that. Once he had even managed to eat a surreptitious brunch that he had got packed elsewhere inside—because it really wasn’t the open space that it claimed to be—the food court upstairs. He had to make do without the napkin because that would have made it too obvious, and ate out of the tin box, without even taking it out of the plastic bag. On the way down he had rinsed luxuriously.

From inside the toilet cubicle, which he formed the base of his observations, he could see nothing. As a result he did not study people. He didn’t study anyway—let’s say he ‘noticed’. He noticed anonymous habits instead: habits that were not only anonymous but also lacked faces. He would have judged people based on their habits had he known who they were. One day, about a couple of years back, he noticed that the toilet-paper rolls had disappeared. They had been replaced by some kind of mini telephone shower he had never seen before. This was probably on popular demand, Prasun concluded. He didn’t care much for toilet-paper, but he did miss the many games he had devised. There was relatively little that one could do with this new shower. For one, he used to fashion little origami boats out of the toilet-paper. They would be very feeble and far from satisfactory, but he enjoyed letting them down on the water bowl after he was done. He had also started scribbling on the paper with a gel-pen he had bought. They’d all get flushed down by the next user.

What he hates most about the newly installed showers was that people tend to leave the seats extremely wet. Especially in winter months, this does not amuse him. If he were to write them all down, he could easily compile a large compendium of toilet habits. Apart from the obvious distinctions based on the amount of noise made and suchlike, he notices various other nuances: that some people are economical with unfamiliar waters. They use very little of it and are in a hurry to get out once done. There are others who believe that it is safer to wash everything that a stranger had touched before. They create a mess. Prasun hates it especially when water from the next cubicle trickles into his own. He hates it when people spray the shower backwards, that is, in the direction of the cistern. This dirties a part of the pot that is not accessible to the flush nozzles, and then, of course they don’t bother cleaning it. There is a right way and a wrong way, he has decided. Seated on the pot, some people hum English songs, while others hum Bengali or Hindi songs. There are a few who know the words to the tunes that are played on the shopping mall’s music system. One day he had heard someone in the next cubicle hum all through one of the songs and join in only at the chorus—“Nothing’s going to stop us now”. Prasun can identify this song now and hums the tune to himself, often unconsciously.

He loves the apologetic smile that a person waiting for him to get out greets him with. Usually he can tell when there’s someone waiting. People try pushing the door even if they see that the knob is indicated ‘occupied’ (red), when it’s really urgent. Even when they don’t touch the door knob, he has learnt to make sense of the shifting of feet that takes place outside. When he gets out they exchange awkward glances—there is a mixture of frustration and gratitude. When he doesn’t hear the knock, Prasun tends to spend a fair amount of time. After the disappearance of the toilet-paper he has resorted to playing games on his mobile phone. He has an old Nokia 3315. He never liked it as much as the 3310, and he hates the jelly-like keys, but it’s faithful. He plays Space Impact on ‘Silent’. The longest he has spent inside a cubicle is twenty-five minutes: a record he doesn’t intend to break. In summer, he rounds off his visit to the shopping mall with a few glasses of chilled water from filters that are installed on the right wing of the mall. Two quick glasses, a bit of loitering, and he is off.
…
         
On this particular day, Prasun had an actual emergency. For one reason or another all the toilets on the ground, first and second floors were occupied. He wasn’t sure how this was happening. He had rushed in, as usual. Seeing that the doors were shut, he had gone to the ones on the right wing as well. They were being cleaned, as he had guessed. He had waited awkwardly pretending to adjust his hair with his fingers at the first floor basins, all the while keeping an eye on the doors that he could see in the reflection. No luck. Second floor. The same. He had never used the ones on the third floor and so he had climbed down hoping that the ground floor toilets would  have emptied by now. Again, no luck. He finally decided that he must try the top floor. He got on the elevator, and that’s when the message came. He realized as he walked to the toilet that his movements had been far too obvious today. Once he was done, he walked out, avoiding the lifts. He would have to stay away for a while or try some other place that was on his route.