Caledonia Dock

While researching for a project, I recently stumbled upon the name of “Caledonia Dock”. It’s not of extraordinary interest, but I’m still trying to figure out why exactly it was called so. One reason could be that it was located in the thick of James Mackenzie’s (Esq.) business area. One thing led to another and soon I ended up with a vague idea of Mackenzie’s early life. He was married at St. John’s Cathedral to Ann Forbes, second daughter of Captain Daniel Ross of Howrah, on 15 March 1822 (?). Soon after they had a child, little James Ross, who died a year old. It seems they had at least a couple more children by 1844 or thereabouts. More interesting than his personal life, is an advertisement I found by the Calcutta Gas Light and Waterworks Company, where he was one of the directors. Among the other office-holders was “Baboo Dwarkanauth Tagore”. The advertisement for gas-light said among other things:

“The darkness of the streets of Calcutta is particularly felt, as there is no twilight, and the inhabitants have recourse to the primitive habits of torch-light. It is proposed to introduce gas-light, not only into the public streets,—and so lessen the opportunity for crime,—but also into the dwelling houses of the inhabitants of the city, and this has been strongly seconded and approved of by that enterprising and intelligent native merchant, Baboo Dwarkanauth Tagore, at this time in Europe.” (Allen’s India Mail, 1846. p. 143)

Be that as it may, his ship-building and dockyard works seem fairly well-documented.

The Caledonian Dock was founded as a “Patent Slip” around 1810 by one Mr. Beauchamp. It was sold 39 years later to Tarak Nath Pramanik. Taraknath, the son of Gurucharan Pramanik, belonged to the first Calcutta family to enter the ship-building industry. Their shops, the Charitabidhan says, were in Burrabazar and in Chandni. Tarak Nath purchased it and “converted it into a dock in 1850 and called it the Caledonia Dock”. The area we are looking at is known as Golabari. This is largely taken from Bengal Distric Gazetteers: Howrah, by L.S.S. O’Malley and Monmohan Chakravarti, 1909. I'm curious: is the name a reference to the jute trade? And why did he use the Roman name for Scotland? Here is where the dock is.

"Traffic Intensities", E.P. Richards (1913). From the Harvard Library Map Collection.

Some More Lamp-posts, or Another Lamp-post Post (if you will)

The Hensley Photo Library, University of Chicago, is a rich collection of photographs of Calcutta from 1943-44. They are a delight to browse through anyway. After the lamp-post in one of the photographs caught my eye, I kept looking for more varieties in each photograph.

Yes, the sign-board says Bombay, but this is obviously from Calcutta. The archivist also says so.

The first one is of the Howrah Station. The second is at Sealdah. Are the lamp-posts different because they are meant to light up different kinds of spaces? The first sheds light on rickhsaw or other public transport stands, while the latter is street-lighting. The Sealdah Station looks very different now. I do not know how and when the transition took place. It seems Hensley may have caught another photographer in the act: what else could the person squatting in the foreground be doing?

This early morning scene echoes the lamp-post in the first photograph (in this post). You can almost smell the groggy freshness in the air. For the lamp too it seems too early to raise its head up absolutely straight. It's lazily tilted. Donkeys have become a rare sight in the city. A few days back I heard that the last donkey in Shantiniketan has died. Which broke my heart. Urbanisation and mechanisation are difficult conditions to survive in for a creature whose breeding, I suppose, came out of a largely utilitarian motive. Apart from carrying sundry load, they were also useful to dhoba-s or launderers (which may well be the subject of this photograph). They aren't very popular otherwise, are they? But they aren't even close to being endangered, and that is a relief.

The last three here are all from the Tram Terminus. The first one has two lamps to a pole, while the other two have four to a pole. The last photograph I found quite striking, what with the monsoon clouds in the background.

P. T. Nair tells us that while Harrison Road was the first to receive electric lighting around the turn of the century, it was not until 1914 that major sections of the city came to be illuminated thus. With an increase in the number of buses and trams plying the roads, the CESC started paying greater attention to street-lighting around 1927. Up until the 1950s, we are told, there were 4 classes of electric lights: i) 75 watt single lamps for very narrow passages; ii) 100 watt single lamps for lanes with little motor traffic; iii) 3-75 watt cluster lamps for roads with moderate traffic; and iv) 3-100 watt cluster lamps for major roads where the traffic was heavy. The height of the last type would range between 25 and 30 feet, and they would be separated from each other by about 150 ft.

Hope you have fun going through the rest of the photographs in the Collection.